一、概说
副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。定义：副词（Adverb-adv．） 用以修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词叫做副词。例如： not（不），here（这里），now（现在）。副词和状语是两个概念，副词是词的一种类别，而状语则是一个句子成分，是词或词组在句子中所起的作用。另外，不少副词同时也可用作介词或其它词类。如：
Have you read this book before? (副词，作时间状语)
你以前读过这本书吗？
He will arrive before ten o’clock. （介词，before ten o’clock 是介词短语，作时间状语）
他将在10点钟前到达。
二、副词的种类
1.时间副词有三类：
1）表示发生时间的副词：
It’s beginning to rain now! 现在开始下雨了！
I haven’t seen her recently. 最近我没见到她。
Will you be free tonight? 你今晚有空吗？
See you later. 回头见。
2）表示频繁程度的副词，也称频度副词（Adverbs of Frequency）:
She is constantly changing her mind. 她老是改变主意。
We do meet now and then, but not regularly. 我们确实偶尔也见面，但不经常见面。
3）还有一些其他表示时间的副词：
I’ll be back presently (shortly). 我一会儿就回来。
What decision did you finally arrive at? 你们最后作出了什么决定？
Nancy was up early. 南西很早就起来来了。
He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
2. 地点副词：
1）有不少表示地点的副词：
She is studying abroad. 她在国外留学。
If he is not here, he’s about somewhere. 如果他不在这儿，那就在附近什么地方。
They moved downtown. 他们搬到城里了。
2）还有一些部分与介词同形的副词，有人称它们为副词小品词 （Adverb Particles）.
这些与介词同形，跟宾语的是介词，否则是副词：
用作介词：
The Dead Sea is below see level. 死海在海平面之下。
Don’t stand so near the train. 不要站的离火车这么近。
Stand up! 起立！
He jumped off the horse. 他从马上跳了下来。
用作副词：
I could see river down below. 我可以看到下方的那条河。
He lives quite near. 他住的很近。
A cat climbed up the tree. 猫爬上了树。
The bird flew off. 鸟儿飞走了。
3）还有一些地点副词表示地区范围等：
We have no shops locally. 我们在本地区没有商店。
The theory has been universally accepted. 这个理论已被普遍接受。
此外，以where 构成的副词也是地点副词：
It’s the same everywhere. 到处都一样。
I seemed to have met you somewhere. 我似乎在哪见过你。
3 方式副词
1) 英语中有大量方式副词，说明行为方式（回答how的问题）：
She gently refused to accept the gifts. 她委婉地拒绝接受那些礼物。
How beautifully your wife dances. 你夫人舞跳的真美。
2）还有相当多的副词，表示某些情绪：
This I gladly accepted. 这东西我高兴的接受了。
She smiled gratefully. 她感激的笑了笑。
He looked at her sadly. 他凄然的看了看她。
3）还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，表示动作发生的状况：
He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。
I only met her accidentally. 我只是偶然碰见她的。
4 程度副词和强调副词
1）程度副词可修饰动词，表示“到某种程度”：
He loved his mother dearly. 他深爱他的母亲。
I strongly object to your saying that. 我强烈反对你这样说话。
Is she badly hurt? 她伤得重吗？
这类副词除修饰动词外，还可修饰形容词（a）或另一副词(b):
a. fairly simple 相当简单
awfully sorry 非常抱歉
quite correct 完全正确
truly grateful 确实很感激
b. fairly smoothly 相当顺利地
wonderfully well 好极了
know fully well 完全清楚
do it very quickly 干得很快
2）强调副词和程度副词很接近，有些就是程度副词。它们主要是对所修饰的动词(a)、形容词（b）加以强调：
a. I quite agree. 我完全同意。
He knew absolutely nothing. 他是毫无所知的。
Your attitude simply amazes me. 你的态度简直使我吃惊。
b. You’re entirely wrong. 你完全错了。
She’s perfectly correct. 她完全正确。
The food is just wonderful. 这饭菜简直好极了。
3）much 是一个特殊的程度副词，它可以：
a. 修饰副词（特别是用在否定句中）：
She didn’t talk much. 她不怎么说话。
I don’t much like the idea. 我不大喜欢这个想法。
Thank you very much. 非常感谢你。
b. 修饰形容词等；
I’m not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。
I’m very much afraid that she won’t come. 我很担心她不来。
c. 和形容词或副词的比较级或最高级连用：
You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。
Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。
d. 和how, so , too等词连用：
How much do you like him? 你喜欢他到什么程度？
He would so much like to go. 他会很想去的。
5. 疑问副词、连接副词和关系副词
1） 疑问副词：
疑问副词用来引导特殊问句：
how: How is your grandmother’s rheumatism? 你奶奶的风湿病怎么样了？
where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人？
when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来？
why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚？
2）有少数副词可以和enough连用，起同样的作用：
I thought it would rain, and sure enough it did. 我想天会下雨，结果果然如此。
Oddly enough I had no doubt that he would be glad to see me. 说也奇怪，我毫不怀疑他会高兴见我。
Curiously enough he had never seen the little girl. 说也奇怪，他从未见过这个小姑娘。
6. 一些其它类型的副词
除了以上这些类型的副词外，还有一些其他类型的副词，例如：
1）表示方向的副词：
Let’s go inside. 咱们到里面去。
Take two steps forward. 向前走两步。
2）使与上文连接更紧的副词：
He was different, however, from the others. 不过他和别人不同。
Nevertheless, she decided to act. 尽管如此，他决定采取行动。
3）表示 “方面”的副词：
They suffered economically as a result of that policy. 由于那项政策，他们在经济上受了损失。
Financially we are doing quite well. 在经济方面我们情况良好。
It’s politically short-sighted not to recognize this. 不认识这一点在政治上是短视的。
三、副词的位置
1. 副词修饰动词时，通常可以放在句首、句中或句末。如：
Usually I do my homework in the evening. (句首) 通常我晚上做家庭作业。
I often get up at six. (句中) 我常在6点起床。
Please speak slowly. (句末) 请慢慢说。
2. 副词修饰形容词或副词时，通常放在形容词或副词的前面，但也有例外。如：
These flowers are quite beautiful. （在形容词前） 这些花相当漂亮。
He works very hard. （在副词前）他工作很努力。
She is old enough to go to school. （在形容词后）她已到了上学的年龄。
3. 按一般规则，如果有几个时间状语，单位大的应放在单位小的后面。如：
The film will begin at seven o’clock this evening. 电影今晚7点开演。
I was born at two o’clock on the morning of May15.
4. 按一般规则, 既有地点状语又有时间状语时，地点状语应放在时间状语之前。如：
We had a meeting in the classroom yesterday afternoon. 我们昨天下午在教室开了一个会。
He watched TV at home last night. 他昨晚在家看电视。
四、副词的比较级和最高级
1. 副词的比较级和最高级的构成
副词和形容词一样，也有原级、比较级和最高级三个等级。其构成方式有规则变化和
不规则变化两种情况。规则变化的一般规律是：单音节词的比较级和最高级在词尾加-er或
-est; 多音节词以及-ly结尾的副词（early除外），前面须加more 或most. 不规则的变化式
只能采用“各个击破”的办法去记忆。
1）规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
soon
long
loud
fast
wide
early
happily
carefully
sooner
longer
louder
faster
wider
earlier
more happily
more carefully
soonest
longest
loudest
fastest
widest
earliest
most happily
most carefully
2）不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
well
badly
little
much
far
better
worse
less
more
farther
further
best
worst
least
most
farthest
furthest
3） 比较级前可有状语修饰：
You must work much faster. 你必须大大加快干活的速度。
He walked no further. 他没在往前走。
She could dance even more gracefully than a dancer. 她能比舞蹈演员跳的更美。
Helen came late, but her sister came still later. 海伦来晚了， 而她妹妹来得更晚。
Can you come over a bit more quickly? 你能稍稍快点来吗？
4. as…as和not so…as结构
这两个结构也可结合副词使用：
1） as…as 可用在肯定句中，表示 “像…一样”，后面的副词要用原级：
She can run as fast as a deer. 她能跑的像鹿一样快。
They work as hard as you do. 他们工作像你一样努力。
I hate him as much as you do. 我像你一样恨他。
I’ll be round as quick as I can. 我将尽快过来。
2）在否定句中，as…as和so…as都可以用：
I don’t go there as much as I used. 我现在到那里不象过去那么多了。
I didn’t do as(so) well as I should. 我做的不如我应做的那么好。
I can’t jump so(as)loudly as Bill. 我跳高不如比尔。
I don’t like it so (as) your other works. 我喜欢它不及你的其他作品。
3）这种句子中也可以有一个表示程度的状语：
I don’t speak half as (so) well as you. 我讲的不及你的一半好。
She can read twice as fast as he does. 她阅读的速度比他快一倍。
The substance reacts three times as fast as the other one. 这种物质的反应速度是另一种物质的三倍。
5.副词最高级的用法
副词最高级可修饰动词，前面多数不带定冠词the:
He laughs best who laughs last. (谚语) 谁笑在最后谁笑的最好。
Of the four of us, I sang (the) worst. 我们四人中我唱的最差。
Of these sports, I like rowing most. 这些运动中我最喜欢划船。
He went (the) farthest of the explorers. 这些探险家中他走的最远。
He likes painting best of all. 他最喜欢绘画。
Who arrived (the) earliest of all? 谁到的最早？
She behaved most generously. 她表现的最大方。
6. 副词比较级和最高级的一些特殊用法
副词比较级和最高级还可用在一些特别结构或短语中：
1）more and more 越来越…:
It rained more and more heavily. 雨下得越来越大了。
In need, she liked him more and more. 的确她越来越喜欢他了。
She went farther and farther away. 她越走越远了。
2）the more…the more 越…，越…：
The more I work, the more I accomplish. 我干得越多，完成的就越多。
The more I thought, the more extraordinary did it appear. 我越想，这事就越显得离奇。
3）had better 最好：
We’d better not disturb him. 我们最好不要打扰他。
What had we better do? 我们最好怎么办？
I think I’d better be going. 我想我最好还是走。
（Had）better not wait for them. 最好别等他们了。
4）Know better than (to) do something. 懂得不宜做某事：
You ought to know better than to go out without an overcoat on such a cold day?
你应当懂得这样冷的天气不穿大衣出去可不行。
You ought to know better than stay away from school. 你该知道不应当逃学。
He knew better than to mention this to her. 他知道不宜向她提及此事。
5）think better (of) 改变主意，决定不这样做：
He was going to leave school, but later he thought better of it.
他打算退学，但后来改变了主意。
He used to be a radical and has thought better of it.
他以前是个激进分子，后来改变了看法。
He was going to answer me back, but he thought better of it.
他本来想和我顶嘴的，但没有这样做。
6）had best 最好：
I had best fax them our plans. 我最好把我们的计划传真给他们。
I had best have your opinions first. 我最好先听听你的意见。
We had best get home before midnight. 我们最好午夜以前到家。
强化练习题：
1. The horse is getting old and cannot run ____ it did.
A. as faster as B. so fast than C. so faster as D. as fast as
2. The students are ____ young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty.
A. most B. almost C. mostly D. at most
3.This year they have produced _____ grain____ they did last year.
A. as less, as B. as few, as C. less, than D. fewer, than
4. ---- Can I help you?
---- Well, I’m afraid the box is ____ heavy for you, but thank you all the same.
A. so B. much C. very D. too
5. ---- Excuse me, is this Mr Brown’s office?
----I’m sorry, but Mr Brown____ works here. He left about three weeks ago.
A. not now B. no more C. not still D. no longer
6. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced ____ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
7. ----Will you give this message to Mr White, please?
----Sorry, I can’t. He ____.
A. doesn’t any more work here B. doesn’t any longer here work
C. doesn’t work any more here D. doesn’t work here any longer
8. How ___ can you finish the drawing?
A. long B. often. C. soon D. rapid
9. She doesn’t speak ____ her friends, but her written work is excellent.
A. as well as B. as often as C. so much as D. as good as
10. “Can you read?” Mary said ____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
11. John plays football____, if not better than, David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
12. We all write____, even when there’s not much to say.
A. now and then B. by and by
C. step by step D. more or less
13.----Do you remember ____he came?
---- Yes, I do, he came by car.
A. how B. when C. that D. if
14. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _______ great it is.
A. what B. how C. however D. whatever
15. We decided not to climb the mountains because it was raining ____.
A. badly B. hardly C. strongly D. heavily
16. I walked 8 miles today. I never guessed that I could walk ______ far.
A. much B. that C. such D. as
17. They _____ to our proposal.
A. have not still responded B. have not responded still
C. have still not responded D. still have not responded
18. True hibernation takes place only among ______ animals.
A. whose blood is warm B. blood worm
C. warm-blooded D. they have warm blood
19. He works ______.
A. lone B. lonely C. alone D. lonesome
20. A _____ road goes ______ from our college to the center.
A. straight…straight B. straightly…straightly
C. straight…straightly D. straightly…straight
20. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _____ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
21. We’ll have to finish the job,_____.
A. long it takes however B. it takes however long
C. long however it takes D. however long it takes
答案与解析（部分）
1. 答案是D. 同级比较的结构为 “as+ 副词原形+ as”.
2. 答案是C. almost 意为 “几乎”、“差不多”，at most 意为 “至多”， 均与语意不合。most 意为“多数的”，mostly是副词，意为“主要地”、“大部分地”。
3. 答案是C. 答题的关键是要知道grain 为不可数名词。
4. 答案是D. 本题考查对基本句型的掌握。从表面上看，4个选项似乎都可以修饰形容词，而且从上下文中也很难找到提示。其实，命题者有意将题中to carry省略。如果能判断出其省略部分，便很容易想到too…for sb. to do 这个句型。
5. 答案是D。通过信息句“He left about three weeks ago.” 可判断出空白处强调的是时间
“不再”。 no longer 常在句中强调时间，而no more 常强调数量和次数。
6. 答案是C. 表示倍数的词或其他程度副词作修饰语应放在as…as结构的前面。
7. 答案是D. no more与no longer 变为 not …any more 或not…any longer时，any more或any longer 要放在谓语动词后。
8. 答案是C。long 指一段时间，不能与终止性动词finish 连用；often指时间频度，即每隔一段时间发生一次动作；rapid 是形容词不能修饰动词。
9. 答案是A. 用 well修饰speak, as well as 为同级比较，与否定词not 连用，意为“不及……好”。
10. 答案是A. angrily pointing 为分词作状语，表示伴随情况。还应注意副词的位置。
11. 答案是B. 这是同级比较，全句可理解为John plays football as well as David, if he doesn’t play better than David.
12. 答案是A. 从题干的 “even when there’s not much to say” 这一信息句可知，空白处应为时间状语，而 now and then 正是时间状语，意为 “有时”、“不时地”。
13. 答案是A.. by car 是方式状语，所以疑问副词应是how.
14. 答案是C. however 是连接副词，修饰形容词great并引导出一个状语从句。
15. 答案是D.“下大雨”应说 rain hard/heavily.
16----20 BDCCA
21. 答案是B. 关系副词where 引导出一个定语从句，修饰the small town.
22. 答案是D. however 是连接副词,引导出一个状语从句。
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