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　　As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the
United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most
Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization
of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to
make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility.
Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of
integrating immigrants into American society.

　　The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at
the turn of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion
of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory
in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens,
vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and
counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students,
many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants.
Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations,
unions, churches, settlement houses, and other agencies. Reformers early in the
twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of
specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population. Schools tried to
educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban
industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for
women was the home.

　　Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant
women, American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial
economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of
goods, and it commonly included income-producing activities both inside and
outside the home, in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United
States, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem.
Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a
producer. Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers cooking, shopping,
decorating, and caring for children "efficiently" in their own homes, or if
economic necessity demanded, as employees in the homes of others. Subsequent
reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.

　　1. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one important factor in the
increasing importance of education in the United States was

　　(A) the growing number of schools in frontier communities

　　(B) an increase in the number of trained teachers

　　(C) the expanding economic problems of schools

　　(D) the increased urbanization of the entire country

　　2. The word "means" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) advantages

　　(B) probability

　　(C) method

　　(D) qualifications

　　3. The phrase "coincided with" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) was influenced by

　　(B) happened at the same time as

　　(C) began to grow rapidly

　　(D) ensured the success of

　　4. According to the passage , one important change in United States
education by the 1920's was that

　　(A) most places required children to attend school

　　(B) the amount of time spent on formal education was limited

　　(C) new regulations were imposed on nontraditional education

　　(D) adults and children studied in the same classes

　　5. Vacation schools and extracurricular activities are mentioned in lines
10-11 to illustrate

　　(A) alternatives to formal education provided by public schools

　　(B) the importance of educational changes

　　(C) activities that competed to attract new immigrants to their
programs.

　　(D) the increased impact of public schools on students.

　　6. According to the passage , early-twentieth century education reformers
believed that

　　(A) different groups needed different kinds of education

　　(B) special programs should be set up in frontier communities to modernize
them

　　(C) corporations and other organizations damaged educational progress

　　(D) more women should be involved in education and industry

　　7. The word "it" in line 22 refers to

　　(A) consumption

　　(B) production

　　(C) homemaking

　　(D) education

　　正确答案： DCBADAC

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